Background The events necessary to initiate host defenses against invading pathogens involve complex signaling cascades made up of numerous adaptor substances, kinases, and transcriptional elements, ultimately resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as for example tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-). toxin-A (DT-A) beneath the control of the TNF–promoter. Excitement from the reporter cell… Continue reading Background The events necessary to initiate host defenses against invading pathogens