The autosomal recessive form of the Hyper IgE syndrome (AR-HIES) with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is associated with difficult to treat persistent viral skin infections including papilloma virus infection. 2b therapy maybe useful in controlling recalcitrant viral infections in these patients. gene identified a homozygous mutation in intervening sequence (IVS) 40 splice donor site: c.5223 +5 g>A (Figure 1C). The parents of the patient were heterozygous for this mutation (data not shown). cDNA sequence analysis revealed that the mutation impaired RNA splicing leading to leaky exon 40 skipping (Figure 1D). Starting at the end of exon (E) 39 a dominant out-of-frame cDNA species emerged that directly linked E39 and E41 sequences while skipping that of E40. This out-of frame-transcript would be predicted to terminate prematurely eight codons downstream of the E39 sequence leading to the absence of protein expression due to the degradation of the mutant transcript by the process of nonsense-mediated decay. These findings are consistent with the residual DOCK8 protein expression in the patient emanating from the translation of the minor normal cDNA species that escapes the hypomorphic splicing defect (Figure 1D). The patient’s chronic generalized warts prompted us to investigate the number and function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) which play an important role in clearing viruses [5]. pDCs express TLR7 and TLR9 and secrete copious amount of type I interferons in response to recognition of viral RNA and DNA [6]. Type I IFNs upregulate major histocompatibility complex molecules SU5614 (MHC) I and II and enhance the presentation of viral peptides to cytotoxic T cells by conventional DCs; they also promote NK function [6]. IFN-α therapy was used for laryngeal papillomatosis with variable responses [7]. We have recently found that pDCs are severely and significantly diminished in DOCK8 deficiency and that their ability to secrete IFN-α was also decreased [8]. This was also the case in our patient whose pDCs were decreased by more than 60% as compared to control subjects while the production of SU5614 IFN-α by his PBMC in SU5614 response to CpG treatment which is primarily mediated by pDCs was decreased by more than 10 folds (Figure 2A B). Figure 2 A. Representative FACS analysis for BDCA-4+ CD123+ pDCs in the lymphocyte gate of PBMCs from a control subject and the DOCK8-deficient subject. B. IFN-α production in supernatants of CpG-stimulated PBMCs from controls (n=2) and patients (n=2 independent … Due to the severe generalized warts in our patient we started him on pegylated IFN-α 2b therapy 40μg subcutaneous once weekly to possibly alleviate skin disease and to prevent spread to the eyes and nasopharyngeal space. After 6-weeks the generalized warts showed progressive response to IFN-α 2b treatment and five months later his warts almost completely resolved leaving healing scars (Figure 3A-D). His purulent ear discharges also disappeared without recurrence. Figure 3 Representative pictures of the lesions in face and hands of the patient before IFN-α 2b therapy (A B) and 4 months into IFN-α 2b therapy (C D) Discussion In this report we describe the efficacy of IFN-α 2b therapy MLH1 in the treatment of severe warts in a patient with DOCK8 deficiency. The dramatic response to therapy DOCK8 deficiency was associated with SU5614 paucity SU5614 of circulating pDCs and a profound decrease in the production by his PBMC of IFN-α in response to stimulation with CpG indicative of a state of IFN-α deficiency. Mechanisms by which DOCK8 deficiency precipitate circulating pDC depletion and SU5614 decreased IFN-α production may include an defective pDC development and/or mobilization in the periphery in response to chemokine signals as well as impaired response to activation by toll-like receptor ligands. Studies on the related DOCK family member DOCK2 revealed that it plays a critical role in the migration of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) into peripheral lymphoid tissues in response to chemokine signals [9 10 DOCK8 may also play a similar role evidence by its requirement for interstitial dendritic cell migration during immune responses [11]. Our own studies have demonstrated that DOCK8 mediates the response of B cells to CpG stimulation by linking TLR9 the target of CpG activation to MyD88 and downstream signaling.