Although exchange of genetic information by recombination plays an important role in the evolution of viruses, it is not clear how it generates diversity. alignment provide us buy Lonafarnib (SCH66336) a recombination history of these DNA- strains. It is the first time that this statistic method has been used on DNA- recombination study and give a definite recombination history of DNA- recombination. is the largest genus of the family of and is phylogenetically and geographically divided into two organizations; Rabbit polyclonal to AARSD1 the Old World viruses and the New World viruses. The new world buy Lonafarnib (SCH66336) consists of two viral genomes, DNA-A and DNA-B, while most of the Old World begomovirus just offers one partite DNA-A (Briddon et al., 2008). About a decade ago, a satellite molecule called DNA- was found to connect with some of the older world geminivirus (Saunders et al., 2000; Briddon et al., 2001). DNA- has a genome approximately 1.3C1.5?kb long, and depends on the helper disease DNA-A for its replication, movement, and transmission (Saunders et al., 2000; Briddon et al., 2001; Cui et al., 2004). It is grouped into sub-viral providers from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The most typical plant symptoms caused by geminivirus are due to an association of DNA- with DNA-A, whereas DNA-A only does not lead to severe damage to plants (Cui et al., 2004; Briddon et al., buy Lonafarnib (SCH66336) 2008). C1 gene encoded by DNA- were found to suppress sponsor defense systems (Cui et al., 2005) and modulate sponsor development (Yang et al., 2008), and was believed to be one of the determining factors for geminivirus-induced disease sign development (Briddon et al., 2008). DNA- has not been found in the New World (North American and South American continents) and is believed to be associated with Old World begomoviruses after the geographical divergence of Old and New continents (Mansoor et al., 2003b). Although DNA- offers relatively a large range of its selection on different varieties of the helper disease DNA-A (Mansoor et al., 2003a), it is proposed to co-evolve with the DNA-A component (Briddon et al., 2008). Recombination takes on an important part in geminivirus (Lefeuvre et al., 2009) and DNA- development (Amin et al., 2006; Lefeuvre et al., 2007). A fragment of DNA- genome infecting tomato was reported to migrate to cotton via recombination with additional adaptive DNA- molecules (Amin et al., 2006), indicating the part of a recombination event in development of DNA- molecules. Because of the important part of recombination in DNA- development, analysis on recombination events of DNA- becomes specially important for understanding this viral development and disease epidemic as well as development of potential control strategies. With this paper, we apply a statistical phylogenetic analysis using a Bayesian stochastic method to infer changes in phylogeny along multiple sequence alignments while accounting for rate heterogeneity developed by Webb et al. (2009) to estimate potential recombination spots of DNA-. It is the first time that this statistic method has been used on DNA- recombination study and give a definite recombination history of DNA- recombination. In order to confirm our results, we also apply a statistical phylogenetic method developed by Martin et al. (2005b) to the same data units. We find the results with the method in Webb et al. (2009) and with the method in Martin et al. (2005b) are very similar to each other. One strain of Tomato leaf curl Maharashtra betasatellite (ToLCMaB) has a recombination pattern and is probably recombinant molecule between two strains from two unique varieties, Papaya leaf curl betasatellite (PaLCuB) and Tomato leaf curl betasatellite (ToLCB), PaLCuB-[IN:Chi:05] (major parent) and ToLCB-[IN:CP:04] (small parent). This recombination event may contribute to the development of Tomato leaf curl Maharashtra betasatellite. Data collection A proposed taxonomy of DNA- using 78% nucleotide sequence identity as demarcation threshold was approved and widely used for distinguishing varieties from strains of DNA- (Briddon et al., 2008). This resulted in about 51 unique varieties of DNA- associated with begomoviruses. Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is definitely caused by begomoviruses associated with betasatellites. A recent report showed that different varieties of DNA- associated with ToLCD in India are geographically isolated and distributed (Sivalingam et al., 2010). The DNA- molecules in southern and central India are more closely related to each other than those in northern India. To observe potential recombination events among these geographically related DNA- varieties, we select four strains from four unique varieties of DNA- associated with ToLCD in India. Among the four strains, ToLCBDB-[IN;Luk;05] (taxon-0) and ToLCB-[PK;RYK;97] (taxon-1) are from northern India, while PaLCuB-[IN;Chi;05] (taxon-2) and.