{"id":6575,"date":"2026-06-14T10:29:43","date_gmt":"2026-06-14T10:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/biodigestor.net\/?p=6575"},"modified":"2026-06-14T10:29:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T10:29:43","slug":"these-foci-differ-in-the-relative-importance-of-each-transmission-route-with-breast-feeding-being-more-important-in-japan-and-sexual-intercourse-being-more-important-in-the-caribbean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/?p=6575","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffThese foci differ in the relative importance of each transmission route with breast-feeding being more important in Japan and sexual intercourse being more important in the Caribbean"},"content":{"rendered":"

\ufeffThese foci differ in the relative importance of each transmission route with breast-feeding being more important in Japan and sexual intercourse being more important in the Caribbean. is equally likely in Caribbean women and men. We argue that breastfeeding, being more prolonged in Japan than in the Caribbean, may have driven the difference in virulence between the two populations. Our finding signifies the importance of investigating the differences in genetic expression profile of pathogens MAC13243 in males and females. Many infectious diseases are more likely to progress to serious illness or death in men than in women, which has been attributed to a stronger immune response in women. Here, MAC13243 the authors propose that pathogen transmission from mother to child favours the evolution of lower virulence in women, and argue that the higher risk of HTLV-1 infection progressing to leukaemia in Japanese men is due to prolonged breastfeeding in Japan. The progression and fatality rates MAC13243 (virulence) of many infectious diseases that do not affect sex-specific organs differ substantially between men and women1, 2 . For example , infection with the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), may progress to active tuberculosis disease with high probability of causing death. Men infected with MTB are 1 . 5 times more likely to die than infected women are (shown in refs3, 4, 5). Oral infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) may progress to tonsil cancer, which is lethal. Men infected with HPV are five times more likely to develop cancer than women are (shown in refs6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Men are at least twice more likely than women to develop Hodgkin’s lymphoma following infectious mononucleosisrelated EpsteinBarr computer virus (EBV) infection12. Infection with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Computer virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) may progress to Adult T-cell Leukaemia (ATL) causing death. In Japan, men infected with HTLV-1 are between 2 and 3. 5 times more likely to develop ATL and die than women are (shown in refs13, 14, 15). In spite of the mounting evidence suggesting that infectious diseases behave differently in each sex medical doctors tend to provide the same treatment to male and female patients1, 16, 17. One of the reasons why a sex-specific treatment has not been implemented is that the causes of sex-differences MAC13243 in virulence are not well understood18. The prevailing explanation posits that the interaction between sex-hormones and the Emr1<\/a> immune system renders men more vulnerable to the action of the pathogen than women1, 16. In general, females tend to mount a stronger immune response that helps them to clear infections faster and reduces the risk of persistencealthough this response helps to fight infecting pathogens, it makes women more susceptible to immune pathologies1, 16. While this hypothesis may account for some of the sex-differences observed, it does not provide a fully satisfactory answer; most prominently it does not clarify why the sex-differences in virulence do not become apparent immediately after pubertywhen sex-hormones are first producedbut almost a decade later19. Seeking to improve our understanding of sex-differences in virulence, we move away from host-centred hypothesesas previous explanations aretowards an alternative pathogen-centred hypothesis20. We propose that natural selection performing differently on pathogens in male and female hosts leads to pathogens exhibiting different virulence in men and women. There is some evidence intended for the existence of such sex-specific strategies: bacteria can have different strategies to exploit their hosts, depending on whether the sponsor are male or female. For instance, many strictly maternally transmitted microbial symbionts selectively kill man, but not woman offspring21. Pasteuria ramosa, a parasite ofDaphnia magna, may cause gigantism once in females, but not in males22. All of us will explore which factors lead to assortment for gear exploitation tactics in pathogens residing in woman and man hosts, and focus on the evolutionary ramifications of the unique routes of transmission given by each making love to the pathogens that they a lot. While the two sexes will be vectors of transmission to a different individual in the same people (horizontal transmission), transmission by parent to offspring through pregnancy, birth and labor or breast-feeding (maternal MAC13243<\/a> top to bottom transmission; henceforth vertical transmission) is limited to women. Right here we explore whether this fundamental natural difference together can drive the advancement of sex-specific virulence in the pathogen. All of us advance evolutionary theory simply by formulating and solving analytically an extension on the classical susceptible-infected-recovered individuals (SIR) model23that features vertical and horizontal transmitting between man and female website hosts. We make use of this model to explore whether blended transmission is definitely expected to result in the evolution of sex-differences in virulence. All of us apply the results to demonstrate the detected differences in violence between males and females infected with HTLV-1 in two endemic regions: The japanese and the Caribbean. == Outcomes == == Model formula == All of us extend the classical SIR model23incorporating top to bottom and horizontally transmission between male and female hosts (seeFig. 1and Techniques for details). All of us solve it allowing pathogens to exhibit unique virulence in men and women. == Figure 1 . Diagram displaying our epidemiological model of top to bottom and horizontally transmission in males and females. == We unit the constant change in time of the small fraction of predisposed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\ufeffThese foci differ in the relative importance of each transmission route with breast-feeding being more important in Japan and sexual intercourse being more important in the Caribbean. is equally likely in Caribbean women and men. We argue that breastfeeding, being more prolonged in Japan than in the Caribbean, may have driven the difference in virulence… Continue reading \ufeffThese foci differ in the relative importance of each transmission route with breast-feeding being more important in Japan and sexual intercourse being more important in the Caribbean<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4494],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-calcium-atpase","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6575"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6575"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6575\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6576,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6575\/revisions\/6576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6575"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6575"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biodigestor.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6575"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}